alkanes, alkenes and alkynes
Of
the various chemical elements that we know .... there is an element
whose scope is very broad and very deep discussion on the CARBON. Carbon has an atomic number of 6 so the number of electrons is also 6 .... with configuration 6C = 2, 4. This
can be seen from the electron configuration C atom has four valence
electrons (electrons in the outer shell) ..... To obtain 8 electrons
(octet) in the outermost shell (valence electrons) needs 4 electrons so
that each search valence electrons with the atomic electron pairs -other atom. The specificity of the carbon atom is its ability to bind to other carbon atoms forming the carbon chain. Forms of carbon rantai2 the simplest hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbons are composed of two elements, namely hydrogen and carbon.
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another.b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms.c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms.d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.
• primary C atom, C atom number 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (green)• secondary C atom, C atom number 2, 4 and 6 (blue)• tertiary C atom, C atom number 3 (yellow)• kwarterner C atom, C atom number 5 (red)
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne).• Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring).• Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Later in this article I discuss the limit of open-chain hydrocarbons (aliphatic) only ....Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by:1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2)2. Alkenes (CnH2n)3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......
Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.
Properties of Alkanes1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms)2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity)3. It is difficult to react4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil)General formula CnH2n +2
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes:o Have similar chemical propertieso Has the same general formulao The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane2. C2H6 = ethane3. C3H8 = propane4. Butane C4H10 =5. C5H12 = pentane6. C6H14 = hexane7. C7H16 = heptane8. Octane C8H18 =9. C9H20 = nonana10. C10H22 = decane11. C11H24 = undekana12. C12H26 = dodecane
TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl).3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on.4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl).5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same:• Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl)• Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Example:What is the name idrokarbon below?
The first time we set the main chain ..... the main chain is the longest chain:
main chain is in the red box ...... Why?? you try to look at the left side, when the main chain is straight (line putus2) then sama2 will increase 2 atom C but will only lead to one branch (the part you turn down) .... whereas when we steered down there will be 2 branches (Rule No. 1). Now you try to look to the right, the explanation is more simple .... when a straight main chain (line putus2) only increased by one C atom whereas when turned down it will grow 2 atom C. So it may be a series of major chains belak-turn and not be straight ...... origin still in one continuous sequence with no branches.
The remaining carbon chain of the chain is the branch .....
look there are 3 branches namely 1 and 2 methyl ethyl branches numbering ..... we select the smallest number:
• if the end of the left side of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 3 is located in the main chain C atom number 2 and 6• if the end of the right of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 6 in the main chain C atom numbers 3 and 7
conclusions about sort of the tip of the left .....
Sequence naming: branch number - nana branch - the name of the parent chain
so his name: 3 ethyl dimethyl octane 2.6
ethyl branch called earlier than methyl because his first name alphabetically first (alphabet "e" from the first "m"). because there are two methyl branches then simply called once plus the prefix "in" means "two". because the main chain consists of 8 main chain atom C then named: octane.
Alkanes form skeletal structures undergo condensation sometimes ..... for example:
CH3 (green) is the end of the chainCH2 (blue) is the straight-chain tenganhCH (orange color) branching threeC (red) four branching
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel• Solvents• Sources of hydrogen• Lubricants• The raw material for other organic compounds• Raw materials industry
Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes• Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds• alkene called olefins (oil forming)• more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene)• Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive• Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%)• There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking"General formula CnH2n
Based on the number of other C atoms bonded to one C atom in the carbon chain, the C atom is divided into:
a. Primary C atom, the C atom that binds the C atom to another.b. Secondary C atom, the C atom bound to two other C atoms.c. Tertiary C atom, the C atom that binds the other three C atoms.d. Kwarterner C atoms, the atom C that bind to four other C atoms.
• primary C atom, C atom number 1, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (green)• secondary C atom, C atom number 2, 4 and 6 (blue)• tertiary C atom, C atom number 3 (yellow)• kwarterner C atom, C atom number 5 (red)
Based on the form of carbon chain:
• Hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons with chain = straight / open saturated (single bond / alkanes) and unsaturated (double bond / alkene or alkyne).• Hydrocarbons = alicyclic hydrocarbons with chain circular / closed (ring).• Aromatic Hydrocarbons = hydrocarbons with chain circular (ring) having a single bond between atoms C and dual alternately / alternating (conjugated)
Later in this article I discuss the limit of open-chain hydrocarbons (aliphatic) only ....Based on the existing bonds in the C chain, aliphatic hydrocarbons distinguished by:1. Alkanes (CnH2n +2)2. Alkenes (CnH2n)3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)
Description: n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. .......
Alkanes (Paraffin)
is its hydrocarbon chain C consists of only a single covalent bonds only. often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons .... as the number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule tiap2 maximum. Understanding Alkanes nomenclature is vital, as the basis for naming senyawa2 other carbon.
Properties of Alkanes1. Saturated hydrocarbons (no bond C atom duplicate so its maximum number of H atoms)2. Called paraffin as affinity groups small (little affinity)3. It is difficult to react4. Form Alkanes with a chain C1 - C4 is a gas at room temperature, C4 - C17 is a liquid at ambient temperature and> C18 is a solid at room temperature5. Boiling point is higher for C elements ... and if it increases the number of C atoms together so that branches have a lower boiling point6. Solubility properties: easily soluble in non-polar solvents7. Density rose with increasing the number of elements of C8. Is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (crude oil)General formula CnH2n +2
Homologous series alkanes
Homologous series is a group / groups of carbon compounds with the same general formula, have similar properties and between ethnic groups have different berturutannya CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or branches with the same number of branches.
The properties of the homologous series of alkanes:o Have similar chemical propertieso Has the same general formulao The difference between the two tribes Mr berturutannya at 14o The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point
n Formula Name
1. CH4 = methane2. C2H6 = ethane3. C3H8 = propane4. Butane C4H10 =5. C5H12 = pentane6. C6H14 = hexane7. C7H16 = heptane8. Octane C8H18 =9. C9H20 = nonana10. C10H22 = decane11. C11H24 = undekana12. C12H26 = dodecane
TATA NAME alkanes
1. Alkane name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more chains are longest then selected the highest number of branches2. Branch C is a chain attached to the main chain. alkananya name written in front of the number and the name of the branch. Branch name matches the name alkanes by replacing the suffix with the suffix ana il (alkyl).3. If there are several branches of the same, then the name of the branch that is the same amount of C mentioned once but comes with a prefix that states the amount of the entire branch. The atomic number C where the branch is bound to be written as an existing branch (which is written numbers = number prefix is used), which is at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on.4. For a number of branches of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (first from methyl ethyl).5. Branch number was calculated from the end closest to the main chain with branches. If the location of the nearest branch with both starting from the same:• Branch first alphabet sequence (first of methyl ethyl)• Branches are more numerous (two first branches of the branch)
Example:What is the name idrokarbon below?
The first time we set the main chain ..... the main chain is the longest chain:
main chain is in the red box ...... Why?? you try to look at the left side, when the main chain is straight (line putus2) then sama2 will increase 2 atom C but will only lead to one branch (the part you turn down) .... whereas when we steered down there will be 2 branches (Rule No. 1). Now you try to look to the right, the explanation is more simple .... when a straight main chain (line putus2) only increased by one C atom whereas when turned down it will grow 2 atom C. So it may be a series of major chains belak-turn and not be straight ...... origin still in one continuous sequence with no branches.
The remaining carbon chain of the chain is the branch .....
look there are 3 branches namely 1 and 2 methyl ethyl branches numbering ..... we select the smallest number:
• if the end of the left side of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 3 is located in the main chain C atom number 2 and 6• if the end of the right of the main chain ethyl C atom is located in the main chain and methyl number 6 in the main chain C atom numbers 3 and 7
conclusions about sort of the tip of the left .....
Sequence naming: branch number - nana branch - the name of the parent chain
so his name: 3 ethyl dimethyl octane 2.6
ethyl branch called earlier than methyl because his first name alphabetically first (alphabet "e" from the first "m"). because there are two methyl branches then simply called once plus the prefix "in" means "two". because the main chain consists of 8 main chain atom C then named: octane.
Alkanes form skeletal structures undergo condensation sometimes ..... for example:
CH3 (green) is the end of the chainCH2 (blue) is the straight-chain tenganhCH (orange color) branching threeC (red) four branching
Usefulness alkanes, as:
• Fuel• Solvents• Sources of hydrogen• Lubricants• The raw material for other organic compounds• Raw materials industry
Alkenes (Olefins)
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound that has one double bond 2 (-C = C-)
Properties of Alkenes• Hydrocarbons unsaturated double bonds• alkene called olefins (oil forming)• more active physiological properties (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene)• Properties with Alkanes, but more reactive• Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, peculiar smell, explosive in the air (at a concentration of 3-34%)• There is the ordinary coal gas in the process of "cracking"General formula CnH2n
NAME of alkenes
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference:• The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest.• Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number.• Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.Example:
calculation of C atoms in the main chain starting from the left side of the double bond bond .... there is only one option bond while the right there are two options, namely the first straight and bend down .... kedua2nya sama2 adding 4 C atoms, but when it turns produced only one first down when a straight branch while causing two branches.
So his name: 3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 pentena
1 pentena can be replaced by n-pentena or special bonds at number one should not be written .... so the name quite: pentena. Branch number equal to the number sequence sorted double bond. In question at the top of the right end ....
Uses Alkenes as:• Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2)• To ripen fruit• industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol
alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.
General formula CnH2n-2
Tata same name with Alkenes .... but the suffix-ene-una replaced
Uses alkyne as:
ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel.
for lighting
Synthesis of other compounds.
almost the same as naming Alkanes with a difference:• The main chain must contain the double bond and selected the longest. Name the major chains are also similar to alkanes by replacing the suffix-ana-ene. So the selection of the longest chain of C atoms starting from C dual to the right and left and the right and left selected the longest.• Numbers written bond position in front of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the location of the double bond C its smallest sequence number.• Sequence number position as branch chain numbering sequence fagots main chain.Example:
calculation of C atoms in the main chain starting from the left side of the double bond bond .... there is only one option bond while the right there are two options, namely the first straight and bend down .... kedua2nya sama2 adding 4 C atoms, but when it turns produced only one first down when a straight branch while causing two branches.
So his name: 3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 pentena
1 pentena can be replaced by n-pentena or special bonds at number one should not be written .... so the name quite: pentena. Branch number equal to the number sequence sorted double bond. In question at the top of the right end ....
Uses Alkenes as:• Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2)• To ripen fruit• industrial raw materials plastics, synthetic rubber, and alcohol
alkyne
an unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds having one double bond 3 (-C ≡ C-). The nature is the same as alkenes but more reactive.
General formula CnH2n-2
Tata same name with Alkenes .... but the suffix-ene-una replaced
Uses alkyne as:
ethyne (acetylene = C2H2) is used to weld iron and steel.
for lighting
Synthesis of other compounds.
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